Characterization and Making Techniques of Calcareous Construction Materials for Phaya Thon Zu Temple in Bagan Historical Area, Myanmar

Author:

Yang Hye Ri12,Lee Gyu Hye1,Kim Dong Min3,Lee Chan Hee1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea

2. Conservation Science Division, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Daejeon 34122, Republic of Korea

3. International Cooperation Center, Korea Heritage Agency, Seoul 06153, Republic of Korea

Abstract

The calcareous materials used in constructing the Phaya Thon Zu temple at the Bagan historical sites in Myanmar are mortars, plasters, and stuccos. Among them, the mortars and plasters are a mixture of original and new materials used for recent conservation treatments. In this study, the making techniques were examined through analysis of calcareous materials by production period. All calcareous materials have a mineral composition similar to soil, except calcite. Stuccos have the most refined aggregates, homogeneous particle size, and the highest lime and organic contents. They were designed to improve ease of carving and weathering resistance, considering the unique characteristics of the stuccos. Because all calcareous materials were mixed with soil, the origin of the clay materials was analyzed. It was concluded that the mortars were produced by mixing clay and sandy soil, and the original mortars showed characteristics similar to soil. It is highly possible that sandy soil from around the Htillominlo temple was used to produce new plasters, and it is estimated that a mixture of clay soil was used for the original plasters and stuccos. A clear provenance interpretation of the original and raw materials used for each construction and the mixing ratio of clay materials need to be discussed through experiments, along with the estimated provenance area of the raw calcareous materials.

Funder

Ministry of Education

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference29 articles.

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3. Jeon, B.H., and Kim, Y.J. (2020). Korea-Myanmar cultural heritage ODA project and archaeological significance of Phaya Thone Zu temple excavation in Bagan (Myanmar), Sogang Institute for East Asian Studies (SIEAS).

4. Meet in Beautiful the Myanmar;Cha;Hist. Space,2013

5. Amadori, M.L., Fermo, P., Raspugli, V., Comite, V., Mini, F.M., Maekawa, Y., and Lin, K. (2017, January 23–25). . Integrated scientific investigations on constitutive materials from temple n.1205a Bagan valley (Myanmar). Proceedings of the IMEKO International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, Lecce, Italy.

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