Age of Bilingual Onset Shapes the Dynamics of Functional Connectivity and Laterality in the Resting-State

Author:

Sheng Yucen1,Yang Songyu2,Rao Juan3,Zhang Qin2,Li Jialong2,Wang Dianjian1,Zheng Weihao2ORCID

Affiliation:

1. School of Foreign Languages, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China

2. Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

3. School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China

Abstract

Bilingualism is known to enhance cognitive function and flexibility of the brain. However, it is not clear how bilingual experience affects the time-varying functional network and whether these changes depend on the age of bilingual onset. This study intended to investigate the bilingual-related dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) based on the resting-state functional magnetic resonance images, including 23 early bilinguals (EBs), 30 late bilinguals (LBs), and 31 English monolinguals. The analysis identified two dFC states, and LBs showed more transitions between these states than monolinguals. Moreover, more frequent left–right switches were found in functional laterality in prefrontal, lateral temporal, lateral occipital, and inferior parietal cortices in EBs compared with LB and monolingual cohorts, and the laterality changes in the anterior superior temporal cortex were negatively correlated with L2 proficiency. These findings highlight how the age of L2 acquisition affects cortico-cortical dFC pattern and provide insight into the neural mechanisms of bilingualism.

Funder

SIT2030-Major Projects

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Neuroscience

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