Design of Dyes Based on the Quinoline or Quinoxaline Skeleton towards Visible Light Photoinitiators

Abstract

Dyes based on quinoline and quinoxaline skeletons were designed for application as visible light photoinitiators. The obtained compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation on the border between ultraviolet and visible light, which allows the use of dental lamps as light sources during the initiation of the photopolymerization reaction. Their another desirable feature is the ability to create a long-lived excited state, which enables the chain reaction to proceed through the mechanism of intermolecular electron transfer. In two-component photoinitiating systems, in the presence of an electron donor or a hydrogen atom donor, the synthesized compounds show excellent abilities to photoinitiate the polymerization of acrylates. In control tests, the efficiency of photopolymerization using modified quinoline and quinoxaline derivatives is comparable to that obtained using a typical, commercial photoinitiator for dentistry, camphorquinone. Moreover, the use of the tested compounds requires a small amount of photoinitiator (only 0.04% by weight) to initiate the reaction. The research also showed a significant acceleration of the photopolymerization process and shortening of the reaction time. In practice, this means that the new two-component initiating systems can be used in much lower concentrations without slowing down the speed of obtaining polymer materials. It is worth emphasizing that these two features of the new initiating system allow for cost reduction by reducing financial outlays on both materials (photoinitiators) and electricity.