Comparative Analysis of Therapeutic Strategies in Post-Cardiotomy Cardiogenic Shock: Insight into a High-Volume Cardiac Surgery Center

Abstract

Background: Post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCCS), which is defined as severe low cardiac output syndrome after cardiac surgery, has a mortality rate of up to 90%. No study has yet been performed to compare patients with PCCS treated by conservative means to patients receiving additional mechanical circulatory support with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Methods: A single-center retrospective analysis from January 2018 to June 2022 was performed. Results: Out of 7028 patients who underwent cardiac surgery during this time period, 220 patients (3%) developed PCCS. The patients were stratified according to their severity of shock based on the Stage Classification Expert Consensus (SCAI) group. Known risk factors for shock-related mortality, including the vasoactive–inotropic score (VIS) and plasma lactate levels, were assessed at structured intervals. In patients treated additionally with ECMO (n = 73), the in-hospital mortality rate was 60%, compared to an in-hospital mortality rate of 85% in patients treated by conservative means (non-ECMO; n = 52). In 18/73 (25%) ECMO patients, the plasma lactate level normalized within 48 h, compared to 2/52 (4%) in non-ECMO patients. The morbidity of non-ECMO patients compared to ECMO patients included a need for dialysis (42% vs. 60%), myocardial infarction (19% vs. 27%), and cerebrovascular accident (17% vs. 12%). Conclusions: In conclusion, the additional use of ECMO in PCCS holds promise for enhancing outcomes in these critically ill patients, more rapid improvement of end-organ perfusion, and the normalization of plasma lactate levels.