Water Quality Evaluation of Groundwater and Dam Reservoir Water: Application of the Water Quality Index to Study Sites in Greece
Author:
Kalaitzidou Kyriaki12ORCID, Ntona Maria Margarita34ORCID, Zavridou Eythimia5, Tzeletas Stefanos1, Patsialis Thomas6, Kallioras Andreas5ORCID, Zouboulis Anastasios7ORCID, Virgiliou Christina1, Mitrakas Manassis1, Kazakis Nerantzis8ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece 2. Thessaloniki Water Supply & Sewerage Co. S.A., 57008 Thessaloniki, Greece 3. Laboratory of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece 4. Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy 5. School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15773 Athens, Greece 6. Department of Engineering and Hydraulics, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece 7. Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece 8. Laboratory of Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Rion Patras, Greece
Abstract
To detect the degradation of clean water, it is necessary to characterize its quality through water quality indices using seasonal water sampling and analysis. In the present study, the initialization of the monitoring by surface and dam water sampling was conducted in multiple areas of Greece, including the Eastern Thermaikos Gulf, Mouriki, and Marathonas basins, during both the dry and wet periods of 2022. The dam reservoirs were also monitored by capturing their orthomosaic mapping. The classification of the samples according to the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) showed that all dam water samples examined and Mouriki area samples have excellent water quality in terms of physical and chemical characteristics. However, some samples from the Eastern Thermaikos Gulf and Marathonas basins suffer from seawater intrusion, which is indicated by the high concentration levels of Na+ and Cl−, and anthropogenic activities shown by the elevated concentrations of NO3−. Moreover, the high concentration of As in samples from the Eastern Thermaikos Gulf is attributed to geothermal fluids. The importance of Cl−, NO3−, and As presence in water quality at the studied areas is also verified by the sensitivity analysis performed, pointing out the requirement of sustainable management.
Funder
Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation
Subject
Water Science and Technology,Aquatic Science,Geography, Planning and Development,Biochemistry
Reference65 articles.
1. Senthil Kumar, P., and Yaashikaa, P.R. (2019). Water in Textiles and Fashion: Consumption, Footprint, and Life Cycle Assessment, Elsevier. 2. Assessing the impacts of industrial wastewater on the inland surface water quality: An application of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model-based water quality index and GIS techniques;Singh;Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A/B/C,2023 3. Global water availability under high-end climate change: A vulnerability based assessment;Koutroulis;Glob. Planet. Chang.,2019 4. Lukhabi, D.K., Mensah, P.K., Asare, N.K., Pulumuka-Kamanga, T., and Ouma, K.O. (2023). Adapted Water Quality Indices: Limitations and Potential for Water Quality Monitoring in Africa. Water, 15. 5. Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., and Möller, V. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.
|
|