Novel Technique for Simultaneous Ethylene Glycol and Its Metabolites Determination in Human Whole Blood and Urine Samples Using GC–QqQ–MS/MS

Abstract

Toxicological analyses often necessitate the identification of compounds belonging to diverse functional groups. For GC–MS analyses, derivatization of compounds belonging to different functional groups can pose a challenge and requires the development of comprehensive methods of analysis. One example could be ethylene glycol, whose widespread use is related to possible unintentional or suicidal intoxications. This fact clearly indicates the need to develop sensitive methods for the determination of ethylene glycol and its metabolites in biological material, as only such complex analysis allows for proper toxicological expertise. A simultaneous GC–QqQ–MS/MS method for the determination of ethylene glycol together with its metabolites, glyoxal and glycolic acid, as well as the detection of glyoxylic acid and oxalic acid, was developed and fully validated. A novel approach for simultaneous derivatization of substances from different groups (alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids) was established. Sample preparation included the addition of three internal standards (BHB-d4, ethylene glycol-d4 and methylglyoxal), precipitation with acetonitrile and subsequent derivatization with N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA), as well as pentafluorophenylhydrazine (PFPH). Detection was carried out with the use of triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The ionization method was electron impact, and quantitative analysis was carried out in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The lower limit of quantification was 1 μg/mL, 0.1 μg/mL, and 500 μg/mL for ethylene glycol, glyoxal, and glycolic acid, respectively. The presented method was applied in three authentic postmortem cases of ethylene glycol intoxication.