Critical Thinking, Intelligence, and Unsubstantiated Beliefs: An Integrative Review

Author:

Bensley D. Alan1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Psychology, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA

Abstract

A review of the research shows that critical thinking is a more inclusive construct than intelligence, going beyond what general cognitive ability can account for. For instance, critical thinking can more completely account for many everyday outcomes, such as how thinkers reject false conspiracy theories, paranormal and pseudoscientific claims, psychological misconceptions, and other unsubstantiated claims. Deficiencies in the components of critical thinking (in specific reasoning skills, dispositions, and relevant knowledge) contribute to unsubstantiated belief endorsement in ways that go beyond what standardized intelligence tests test. Specifically, people who endorse unsubstantiated claims less tend to show better critical thinking skills, possess more relevant knowledge, and are more disposed to think critically. They tend to be more scientifically skeptical and possess a more rational–analytic cognitive style, while those who accept unsubstantiated claims more tend to be more cynical and adopt a more intuitive–experiential cognitive style. These findings suggest that for a fuller understanding of unsubstantiated beliefs, researchers and instructors should also assess specific reasoning skills, relevant knowledge, and dispositions which go beyond what intelligence tests test.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Cognitive Neuroscience,Developmental and Educational Psychology,Education,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology

Reference74 articles.

1. Intelligence … Moving beyond the lowest common denominator;Ackerman;American Psychologist,2022

2. Psychological correlates of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and preventive measures: Evidence from Turkey;Alper;Current Psychology,2020

3. Bensley, D. Alan (2018). Critical Thinking in Psychology and Everyday Life: A Guide to Effective Thinking, Worth Publishers.

4. Bensley, D. Alan (2021). The Critical Thinking in Psychology Assessment Battery (CTPAB) and Test Guide, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD, USA.

5. “I can’t believe you believe that”: Identifying unsubstantiated claims;Bensley;Skeptical Inquirer,2023

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