Development of Real-Time Cuffless Blood Pressure Measurement Systems with ECG Electrodes and a Microphone Using Pulse Transit Time (PTT)

Abstract

Research has shown that pulse transit time (PTT), which is the time delay between the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal and the signal from a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor, can be used to estimate systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) without the need for a cuff. However, the LED of the PPG sensor requires the precise adjustment of both light intensity and light absorption rates according to the contact status of the light-receiving element. This results in the need for regular calibration. In this study, we propose a cuffless blood pressure monitor that measures real-time blood pressure using a microphone instead of a PPG sensor. The blood pulse wave is measured in the radial artery of the wrist using a microphone that can directly measure the sound generated by a body rather than sending energy inside the body and receiving a returning signal. Our blood pressure monitor uses the PTT between the R-peak of the ECG signal and two feature points of the blood pulse wave in the radial artery of the wrist. ECG electrodes and circuits were fabricated, and a commercial microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microphone was used as the microphone to measure blood pulses. The peak points of the blood pulse from the microphone were clear, so the estimated SBP and DBP could be obtained from each ECG pulse in real time, and the resulting estimations were similar to those made by a commercial cuff blood pressure monitor. Since neither the ECG electrodes nor the microphone requires calibration over time, the real-time cuffless blood pressure monitor does not require calibration. Using the developed device, blood pressure was measured three times daily for five days, and the mean absolute error (MAE) and standard deviation (SD) of the SBP and DBP were found to be 2.72 ± 3.42 mmHg and 2.29 ± 3.53 mmHg, respectively. As a preliminary study for proof-of-concept, these results were obtained from one subject. The next step will be a pilot study on a large number of subjects.