Diet Quality Trajectories over Adulthood in a Biracial Urban Sample from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span Study

Abstract

Limited investigation has been done on diet quality trajectories over adulthood. The main study objectives were to determine the diet quality group trajectories (GTs) over time and to detect changes in a socio-economically and racially diverse middle-aged cohort. Data from three waves of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study were used to determine diet quality with group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM). Three quality indices—the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), and the Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR)—were explored. The rate of change in quality over time was determined by mixed-effects regression analysis. Three diet quality GTs, low, middle, and high quality, were identified for each index and confirmed with spaghetti plots. Within each GT, only small changes in diet quality scores were observed, with improvements for the HEI and DII indices and a slight decline in MAR scores. Weighted kappa values revealed that the DII had better agreement with the HEI-2010 and MAR indices compared with the agreement between the HEI-2010 and MAR. Bayesian estimates revealed that the annualized rate of change in diet quality per person across the GTs was similar. There was minimal change in diet quality over time, regardless of the diet quality index used.