Pleiotropic Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha and Gamma Agonists on Myocardial Damage: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence—A Narrative Review

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in the world, and that is why finding an effective and multi-functional treatment alternative to combat these diseases has become more important. Fibrates and thiazolidinediones, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma are the pharmacological therapies used to treat dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes, respectively. New mechanisms of action of these drugs have been found, demonstrating their pleiotropic effects, which contribute to preserving the heart by reducing or even preventing myocardial damage. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of PPAR agonists and regulating morphological and physiological heart alterations (metabolic flexibility, mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, structural remodeling, and inflammation). Moreover, clinical evidence regarding the cardioprotective effect of PPAR agonists is also addressed.