Lawsonia Inermis Markedly Improves Cognitive Functions in Animal Models and Modulate Oxidative Stress Markers in the Brain

Abstract

Background and Objective: Medicinal plants represent an important source of alternative medicine for the management of various diseases. The present study was undertaken to assess the potential of Lawsonia inermis ethanol (Li.Et) and chloroform (Li.Chf) extracts as memory-enhancing agents in experimental animals. Materials and Methods: Li.Et and Li.Chf were phytochemically characterized via gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Samples were tested for nootropic potentials at doses of 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg (per oral in experimental animals (p.o.)). Swiss albino mice of either sex (n = 210) were divided into 21 × 10 groups for each animal model. Memory-enhancing potentials of the samples were assessed using two methods including “without inducing amnesia” and “induction of amnesia” by administration of diazepam (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally. Piracetam at 400 mg/kg (i.p.) was used as positive control. Cognitive behavioral models including elevated plus maze (EPM) and the passive shock avoidance (PSA) paradigm were used. Biochemical markers of oxidative stress such as glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were analyzed in the brain tissue of treated mice. Results: In 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals scavenging assay, Li.Et and Li.Chf exhibited 70.98 ± 1.56 and 66.99 ± 1.76% inhibitions respectively at 1.28 mg/mL concentration. GCMS results revealed the presence of important phytochemicals. Both samples (Li.Et and Li.Chf) at 25 mg/kg (p.o.) dose significantly (p < 0.05) improved learning and memory as indicated by decline in transfer latency and increase in step down latency in EPM and PSA models respectively. Li.Et and Li.Chf at 25 mg/kg (p.o.) showed considerable increase in GSH (2.75 ± 0.018 ***), SOD (2.61 ± 0.059 ***) and CAT (2.71 ± 0.049 ***) levels as compared to positive and negative control groups. Conclusions: This study provides the preliminary clue that L. inermis may be a potential source of memory-enhancing and anti-oxidant compounds and thus warrant further studies.