Aspirin–Fisetin Combinatorial Treatment Exerts Cytotoxic and Anti-Migratory Activities in A375 Malignant Melanoma Cells

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Malignant melanoma (MM) remains one of the most aggressive cancers worldwide, presenting a limited number of therapeutic options at present. Aspirin (ASA), a broadly used non-steroid anti-inflammatory medicine, has recently emerged as a candidate for repurposing in cancer management, due to its therapeutic potential in the treatment of several neoplasms which include MM. Fisetin (FIS) is a flavonoid phytoestrogen instilled with multispectral pharmacological activities, including a potent anti-melanoma property. The present study aimed to assess the potential improved anti-neoplastic effect resulting from the association of ASA and FIS for MM therapy. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using the A375 cell line as an experimental model for MM. Cell viability was assessed via the MTT test. Cell morphology and confluence were evaluated using bright-field microscopy. The aspect of cell nuclei and tubulin fibers was observed through immunofluorescence staining. The irritant potential and the anti-angiogenic effect were determined on the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken fertilized eggs. Results: The main findings related herein demonstrated that the ASA 2.5 mM + FIS (5, 10, 15, and 20 µM) combination exerted a higher cytotoxicity in A375 MM cells compared to the individual compounds, which was outlined by the concentration-dependent and massive reduction in cell viability, loss of cell confluence, cell shrinkage and rounding, apoptotic-like nuclear features, constriction and disruption of tubulin filaments, increased apoptotic index, and suppressed migratory ability. ASA 2.5 mM + FIS 20 µM treatment lacked irritant potential on the chorioallantoic membrane and inhibited blood-vessel formation in ovo. Conclusion: These results stand as one of the first contributions presenting the anti-melanoma effect of the ASA + FIS combinatorial treatment.