Age-Related Macular or Retinal Degeneration?

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that leads to progressive vision loss. Its prevalence has been increasing due to population aging. Previously, it was commonly believed that the disease affects the central retina, that is, the macula. However, recent studies have shown that it also involves the peripheral retina. Novel imaging techniques revealed various degenerative lesions that extend beyond the central macula. While their prevalence remains unknown, they seem to be more frequent in patients with late AMD. These findings suggest that the term “age-related retinal dysfunction” might be more adequate to describe some cases of AMD. They also raise the question about the role of electroretinography (ERG) as an objective measure of retinal function. The most common types of ERG tests used in AMD are multifocal (mfERG) and full-field ERG (ffERG). mfERG is more sensitive to macular changes, but the test is difficult to perform when fixation is unstable. On the other hand, ffERG reflects the function of the entire retina, not only the macular area. It helps assess the impact of peripheral retinal lesions and overall retinal function in patients with AMD. As ffERG results are normal in early-stage AMD, any abnormalities indicate that the disease is more severe and affects the entire retina. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections improve retinal function in patients with neovascular AMD, as demonstrated by an increase in their ERG responses. More research is needed to assess the association between local and general retinal dysfunction. In this review, ffERG findings in patients with AMD are described and the usefulness of ffERG is discussed based on previous studies and cases from our own clinical practice.