Mathematical Modeling the Performance of an Electric Vehicle Considering Various Driving Cycles

Abstract

Currently, the estimated range of an electric vehicle is a variable value. The assessment of this power reserve is possible by various methods, and the results of the assessment by these methods will be quite different. Thus, building a model based on these cycles is an extremely important task for manufacturers of electric vehicles. In this paper, a simulation model was developed to determine the range of an electric vehicle by cycles of movement. A mathematical model was created to study the power reserve of an electric vehicle, taking into account four driving cycles, in which the lengths of cycles and the forces acting on the electric vehicle are determined; the calculation of the forces of resistance to movement was carried out taking into account the efficiency of the electric motor; thus, the energy consumption of an electric vehicle is determined. The modeling of the study of motion cycles on the presented model was carried out. The mathematical evaluation of battery life was based on simulation results. Simulation modeling of an electric vehicle in the MATLAB Simulink software environment was performed. An assessment of the power reserve of the developed electric vehicle was completed. The power reserve was estimated using the four most common driving cycles—NEDC, WLTC, JC08, US06. Studies have shown that the highest speed of the presented US06 cycle provides the shortest range of an electric vehicle. The JC08 and NEDC cycles have similar developed speeds in urban conditions, while in NEDC there is a phase of out-of-town traffic; therefore, due to the higher speed, the electric vehicle covers a greater distance in equal time compared to JC08. At the same time, the NEDC cycle is the least dynamic and the acceleration values do not exceed 1 m/s2. Low dynamics allow for a longer range of an electric vehicle; however, the actual urban operation of an electric vehicle requires more dynamics. The cycles of movement presented in the article provide a sufficient variety and variability of the load of an electric vehicle and its battery over a wide range, which made it possible to conduct effective studies of the energy consumed, taking into account the recovery of electricity to the battery in a wide range of loads. It was determined that frequent braking, taking into account operation including in urban traffic, provides a significant return of electricity to the battery.