Causal Effects of Specific Gut Microbiota on Chronic Kidney Diseases and Renal Function—A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

Abstract

Background: Targeting the gut microbiota may become a new therapeutic to prevent and delay the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nonetheless, the causal relationship between specific intestinal flora and CKD is still unclear. Materials and Method: To identify genetically predicted microbiota, we used summary data from genome-wide association studies on gut microbiota in 18340 participants from 24 cohorts. Furthermore, we genetically predicted the causal relationship between 211 gut microbiotas and six phenotypes (outcomes) (CKD, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR), dialysis, rapid progress to CKD, and rapid decline of eGFR). Four Mendelian randomization (MR) methods, including inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode were used to investigate the casual relationship between gut microbiotas and various outcomes. The result of IVW was deemed as the primary result. Then, Cochrane’s Q test, MR-Egger, and MR-PRESSO Global test were used to detect heterogeneity and pleiotropy. The leave-one method was used for testing the stability of MR results and Bonferroni-corrected was used to test the strength of the causal relationship between exposure and outcome. Results: Through the MR analysis of 211 microbiotas and six clinical phenotypes, a total of 36 intestinal microflora were found to be associated with various outcomes. Among them, Class Bacteroidia (=−0.005, 95% CI: −0.001 to −0.008, p = 0.002) has a strong causality with lower eGFR after the Bonferroni-corrected test, whereas phylum Actinobacteria (OR = 1.0009, 95%CI: 1.0003–1.0015, p = 0.0024) has a strong causal relationship with dialysis. The Cochrane’s Q test reveals that there is no significant heterogeneity between various single nucleotide polymorphisms. In addition, no significant level of pleiotropy was found according to MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO Global tests. Conclusions: Through the two-sample MR analysis, we identified the specific intestinal flora that has a causal relationship with the incidence and progression of CKD at the level of gene prediction, which may provide helpful biomarkers for early disease diagnosis and potential therapeutic targets for CKD.