The Relationship between Ground Reaction Forces, Foot Positions and Type of Clubs Used in Golf: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: Despite the growing interest in golf, the impact of motion control strategy on golf performance may be uncertain. A network meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships between ground reaction force (GRF), foot positions, and club types in golf and determine whether different clubs have a different impact when swinging. Methods: Three databases were searched from the time of inception to March 2023. Eligibility criteria included studies that provided data using a driver to swing and compared outcomes to control data. Results: Searches yielded 6527 studies. Seven studies met the selection criteria (n = 422 participants). The results showed that an iron 6 is the best when considering the trail foot vertical ground reaction force (TVGRF), trail foot anteroposterior ground reaction force (TAGRF), and lead foot vertical ground reaction force (LVGRF). The pitching wedge was the best in the lead foot mediolateral ground reaction force (LMGRF) and lead foot anteroposterior ground reaction force (LAGRF). Iron 7 was the best in the trail foot mediolateral ground reaction force (TMGRF), and the lead foot was larger than the trail foot to the vertical GRF. Discussion: The study found that clubs may influence a player’s posture and swing power because golf clubs are available in various lengths and shapes. The lead foot generates a larger GRF than the trail foot; three-dimensional GRFs differ among golf clubs. When a golfer aims to maximize the distance of their drives, they must generate relatively more resultant horizontal reaction force (RFH). Golfers often use different clubs to achieve optimal performance on the course by controlling their motion. However, there needs to be a focus on the quality of the included studies because the sample size was too small, increasing the risk of bias associated with the results.