Immune Regulatory Processes of the Tumor Microenvironment under Malignant Conditions

Author:

Pansy KatrinORCID,Uhl BarbaraORCID,Krstic JelenaORCID,Szmyra Marta,Fechter Karoline,Santiso Ana,Thüminger Lea,Greinix Hildegard,Kargl Julia,Prochazka Katharina,Feichtinger Julia,Deutsch Alexander JA.ORCID

Abstract

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in mediating pro- and anti-tumor immune responses. Immune escape, which suppresses anti-tumor immunity, enables tumor cells to maintain their proliferation and growth. Numerous mechanisms, which have been intensively studied in recent years, are involved in this process and based on these findings, novel immunotherapies have been successfully developed. Here, we review the composition of the TME and the mechanisms by which immune evasive processes are regulated. In detail, we describe membrane-bound and soluble factors, their regulation, and their impact on immune cell activation in the TME. Furthermore, we give an overview of the tumor/antigen presentation and how it is influenced under malignant conditions. Finally, we summarize novel TME-targeting agents, which are already in clinical trials for different tumor entities.

Funder

DOC Fellowship Programme of the Austrian Academy of Sciences

FWF Austrian Science Fund

Oesterreichische Nationalbank

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Inorganic Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Computer Science Applications,Spectroscopy,Molecular Biology,General Medicine,Catalysis

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