Osteoblast Differentiation and Signaling: Established Concepts and Emerging Topics

Author:

Ponzetti Marco,Rucci Nadia

Abstract

Osteoblasts, the cells that build up our skeleton, are remarkably versatile and important cells that need tight regulation in all the phases of their differentiation to guarantee proper skeletal development and homeostasis. Although we know many of the key pathways involved in osteoblast differentiation and signaling, it is becoming clearer and clearer that this is just the tip of the iceberg, and we are constantly discovering novel concepts in osteoblast physiology. In this review, we discuss well-established pathways of osteoblastic differentiation, i.e., the classical ones committing mesenchymal stromal cells to osteoblast, and then osteocytes as well as recently emerged players. In particular, we discuss micro (mi)RNAs, long non-coding (lnc)RNAs, circular (circ)RNAs, and extracellular vesicles, focusing on the mechanisms through which osteoblasts are regulated by these factors, and conversely, how they use extracellular vesicles to communicate with the surrounding microenvironment.

Funder

Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Inorganic Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Computer Science Applications,Spectroscopy,Molecular Biology,General Medicine,Catalysis

Reference97 articles.

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