Metabolomic Reprogramming of C57BL/6-Macrophages during Early Infection with L. amazonensis

Abstract

Leishmania survival inside macrophages depends on factors that lead to the immune response evasion during the infection. In this context, the metabolic scenario of the host cell–parasite relationship can be crucial to understanding how this parasite can survive inside host cells due to the host’s metabolic pathways reprogramming. In this work, we aimed to analyze metabolic networks of bone marrow-derived macrophages from C57BL/6 mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis wild type (La-WT) or arginase knocked out (La-arg−), using the untargeted Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry (CE-MS) approach to assess metabolomic profile. Macrophages showed specific changes in metabolite abundance upon Leishmania infection, as well as in the absence of parasite-arginase. The absence of L. amazonensis-arginase promoted the regulation of both host and parasite urea cycle, glycine and serine metabolism, ammonia recycling, metabolism of arginine, proline, aspartate, glutamate, spermidine, spermine, methylhistidine, and glutathione metabolism. The increased L-arginine, L-citrulline, L-glutamine, oxidized glutathione, S-adenosylmethionine, N-acetylspermidine, trypanothione disulfide, and trypanothione levels were observed in La-WT-infected C57BL/6-macrophage compared to uninfected. The absence of parasite arginase increased L-arginine, argininic acid, and citrulline levels and reduced ornithine, putrescine, S-adenosylmethionine, glutamic acid, proline, N-glutamyl-alanine, glutamyl-arginine, trypanothione disulfide, and trypanothione when compared to La-WT infected macrophage. Moreover, the absence of parasite arginase leads to an increase in NO production levels and a higher infectivity rate at 4 h of infection. The data presented here show a host-dependent regulation of metabolomic profiles of C57BL/6 macrophages compared to the previously observed BALB/c macrophages infected with L. amazonensis, an important fact due to the dual and contrasting macrophage phenotypes of those mice. In addition, the Leishmania-arginase showed interference with the urea cycle, glycine, and glutathione metabolism during host–pathogen interactions.