Synthesis and Characterisation of Self-Cleaning TiO2/PES Mixed Matrix Membranes in the Removal of Humic Acid

Author:

Poon Yan Kee1,Enche Ab Rahim Siti Kartini12,Ng Qi Hwa12ORCID,Hoo Peng Yong12ORCID,Abdullah Nur Yasmin1,Nasib Amira12,Abdullah Norazharuddin Shah23

Affiliation:

1. Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia

2. Centre of Excellence for Frontier Materials Research (CFMR), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia

3. School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia

Abstract

Membrane application is widespread in water filtration to remove natural organic matter (NOM), especially humic acid. However, there is a significant concern in membrane filtration, which is fouling, which will cause a reduction in the membrane life span, a high energy requirement, and a loss in product quality. Therefore, the effect of a TiO2/PES mixed matrix membrane on different concentrations of TiO2 photocatalyst and different durations of UV irradiation was studied in removing humic acid to determine the anti-fouling and self-cleaning effects. The TiO2 photocatalyst and TiO2/PES mixed matrix membrane synthesised were characterised using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), contact angle, and porosity. The performances of TiO2/PES membranes of 0 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 3 wt.%, and 5 wt.% were evaluated via a cross-flow filtration system regarding anti-fouling and self-cleaning effects. After that, all the membranes were irradiated under UV for either 2, 10, or 20 min. A TiO2/PES mixed matrix membrane of 3 wt.% was proved to have the best anti-fouling and self-cleaning effect with improved hydrophilicity. The optimum duration for UV irradiation of the TiO2/PES mixed matrix membrane was 20 min. Furthermore, the fouling behaviour of mixed matrix membranes was fitted to the intermediate blocking model. Adding TiO2 photocatalyst into the PES membrane enhanced the anti-fouling and self-cleaning properties.

Funder

Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (MOHE) Fundamental Research Grant Scheme

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Filtration and Separation,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous),Process Chemistry and Technology

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