Understanding Ocular Findings and Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Update Review of the Literature

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multisystem autoimmune disease. Up to one-third of patients suffering from SLE have various ocular manifestations. The ocular findings may represent the initial manifestation of the systemic disease and may lead to severe ocular complications, and even loss of vision. Ocular manifestations are often associated with degree of systemic inflammation, but also can precede the occurrence of systemic symptoms. Early diagnosis and adequate management of patients with SLE are crucial and require cooperation between various specialists. Proper preparation of ophthalmologists can help to differentiate between complication of SLE and other ocular disorders. New therapies for SLE are promising for potential benefits, however, ocular side effects are still unknown.