Affiliation:
1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
Abstract
Given the variability in inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection observed within human populations, we aimed to develop an in vitro model system (based on monocyte-macrophages, a key relevant cell type) that could yield insights regarding the impact of rs2228145, a clinically relevant polymorphism within the coding region of a key inflammatory gene in the body’s response to SARS-CoV-2 infection: the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) gene. Three monocyte-macrophage cell-lines (U937, THP-1, MM6) were shown to exhibit AA, AC and CC rs2228145 genotypes, respectively, and to exhibit an MM6 > THP-1 > U937 pattern regarding basal levels of soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) release. Similar MM6 > THP-1 > U937 patterns were seen regarding the extents to which (i) circulating levels of the IL-6/sIL-6R ‘active complex’ increased and (ii) phosphorylation of the downstream transcription-factor STAT3 occurred, following treatment with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP). Moreover, a blocking antibody for the ACE-2 entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 suppressed effects (i) and (ii), suggesting that interaction between SP and ACE-2 is the initial event that triggers IL-6/IL-6R signalling in our system. Production of IL-8 occurred to greater extents in A549 lung epithelial cells treated with tissue-culture supernatants from SP-treated MM6 cultures than SP-treated THP-1 or U937 cultures. Our data indicate that the rs2228145 genotype significantly impacts upon SP-associated IL-6/sIL-6R signalling in vitro, suggesting that it may influence in vivo risk of developing severe COVID-19 and/or long-COVID symptoms following infection by SARS-CoV-2. Thus, the rs2228145 genotype may have potential as a biomarker that differentiates between patients at risk of developing severe and/or prolonged symptoms following infection by SARS-CoV-2 and those who are at less risk.