Zero-Carbon and Carbon-Neutral Fuels: A Review of Combustion Products and Cytotoxicity
Author:
Jin Chao12, Li Xiaodan1, Xu Teng1, Dong Juntong1, Geng Zhenlong3, Liu Jia4, Ding Chenyun1, Hu Jingjing1, El ALAOUI Ahmed1ORCID, Zhao Qing5, Liu Haifeng3ORCID
Affiliation:
1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China 2. Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China 3. State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China 4. Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China 5. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201632, China
Abstract
The use of zero-carbon and carbon-neutral fuels reduces emissions of conventional pollutants, but their emissions can be toxic and have various adverse effects on human health. This article reviews the possible combustion products of zero-carbon and carbon-neutral fuels, as well as their cytotoxic effects and potential health risks. At the same time, the review outlines biological models and toxicity detection methods commonly used in pollutant toxicity studies. Metals, nitrogen oxides (NOX), and ammonia (NH3) emitted from the combustion of metal fuels, hydrogen fuels, and ammonia fuels in zero-carbon fuels are harmful to human health. Exhaust emissions from carbon-neutral fuels, particularly biodiesel, and their blends with gasoline/diesel are cytotoxic, leading to severe cellular damage, such as oxidative damage, inflammatory responses, DNA damage, cell death, or apoptosis. Moreover, the normal function of the human body’s respiratory, cardiovascular, immune, digestive, urinary, and nervous systems may also be impacted by these fuel emissions according to cytotoxic research. Cytotoxicity of fuel combustion products is usually related to the fuel type, time, dose, and cell line used in the experiment. This review provides some ideas for the exhaust emission management of zero-carbon and carbon-neutral fuels and human health assessment. It also presents a theoretical and experimental basis for further research, including in vivo experiments.
Funder
National Natural Science Foundation of China Open Fund of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources Open Research Fund of State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution
Subject
Energy (miscellaneous),Energy Engineering and Power Technology,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Control and Optimization,Engineering (miscellaneous),Building and Construction
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