Mechanisms, Applications, and Risk Analysis of Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminated Soil

Abstract

Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation is increasingly being recognized for its exceptional effectiveness in eliminating non-aqueous phase liquids in soil. A comprehensive knowledge of the technique is essential for its field application. This paper provides a thorough examination of Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation incorporating insights based on the most recent advancements. Firstly, the fundamental process and major mechanisms that underpin the technology were summarized, including mobilization, solubilizing, and emulsifying. Secondly, the improvements achieved by using surfactants in soil remediation, through chemical, physical, and biological methods, have been elucidated through theoretical explanations and practical case studies. Thirdly, the risks and other limitations of Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation were discussed with an outlook for future development. This review aims to promote understanding of the effectiveness and risks holistically in field implementation of the technique.