Quantifying a Reliable Framework to Estimate Hydro-Climatic Conditions via a Three-Way Interaction between Land Surface Temperature, Evapotranspiration, Soil Moisture

Abstract

Distributed hydrological models can be suitable choices for predicting the spatial distribution of water and energy fluxes if the conceptual relationships between the components are defined appropriately. Therefore, an innovative approach has been developed using a simultaneous formulation of bulk heat transfer theory, energy budgeting, and water balance as an integrated hydrological model, i.e., the Monthly Continuous Semi-Distributed Energy Water Balance (MCSD-EWB) model, to estimate land surface hydrological components. The connection between water and energy balances is established by evapotranspiration (ET), which is a function of soil moisture and land surface temperature (LST). Thus, the developed structure is based on a three-way coupling between ET, soil moisture, and LST. The LST is obtained via the direct solution of the energy balance equation, and the spatiotemporal distribution of ET is presented using the computed LST and soil moisture through the bulk transfer method and water balance. In addition to the LST computed using the MCSD-EWB model, the LST products of ERA5-Land and MODIS are also utilized as inputs. The results indicate the adequate performance of the model in simulating LST, ET, streamflow, and groundwater level. Furthermore, the developed model performs better by employing the ERA5-Land LST than by using the MODIS LST in estimating the components.