The Acute Effects of Ball Pressure on Anticipation Timing Following a Series of Purposeful Headers in Adult Football (Soccer) Players

Author:

McLean Chad1,Lavender Andrew P.2ORCID,Pereira Ethan1,Peek Kerry3ORCID,Davey Paul4ORCID,Ma’ayah Fadi5ORCID,Morris Susan1,Georgieva Julia1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

2. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia

3. Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2006, Australia

4. Curtin School of Nursing, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

5. School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the acute effects of ball pressure on anticipation timing following a series of purposeful headers in adult football (soccer) players. There is evidence to suggest acute neurophysiological changes to the brain following purposeful heading; this may lead to altered anticipation timing as a result, potentially having future safety implications for players. A repeated measures crossover design was used. Seventeen participants aged between 20 and 30 years performed (i) 20 rotational headers with a lower-pressure match ball (58.6 kPa; 8.5 psi), (ii) 20 rotational headers with a higher-pressure match ball (103.4 kPa; 15 psi), or (iii) 20 non-headers (kicks) as a control each on separate days. The effect of ball pressure on anticipation timing accuracy, measured as absolute, constant, and variable errors, was assessed before and immediately after each intervention session using an anticipation timing task. Differences between group means were compared using repeated measures ANOVA and linear mixed effects models, with p-values of <0.05 considered statistically significant. No significant differences in anticipation timing accuracy across interventions were detected between control, occluded, and non-occluded trials. This finding differs from the previous literature regarding the measurable, acute effects of purposeful heading. The anticipation timing task may lack sensitivity for detecting the effects of repeated heading on brain function.

Publisher

MDPI AG

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