Evaluating the Difference in Neuropsychological Profiles of Individuals with FASD Based on the Number of Sentinel Facial Features: A Service Evaluation of the FASD UK National Clinic Database

Author:

Webster Bethany M.1,Carlisle Alexandra C. S.1,Livesey Alexandra C.1,Deeprose Lucy R.1,Cook Penny A.12ORCID,Mukherjee Raja A. S.12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) Specialist Clinic, Gatton Place, St Matthews Rd, Redhill, Surrey RH1 1TA, UK

2. School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford M6 6PU, UK

Abstract

(1) It might be implied that those with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) with fewer sentinel facial features have a “milder” neuropsychological presentation, or present with fewer impairments than those with more sentinel facial features. The aim of this service evaluation was to compare the neuropsychological profile of people with FASD with varying numbers of sentinel facial features. (2) A clinical sample of 150 individuals with FASD, aged between 6 and 37 years, completed various standardised assessments as part of their diagnostic profiling. These included the documented level of risk of prenatal alcohol exposure (4-Digit Diagnostic Code), sensory needs (Short Sensory Profile), cognition (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—4th Edition; WISC-IV), and communication and socialisation adaptive behaviours (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale—2nd Edition; VABS-II). As FASD has high comorbidity rates of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), these were also reviewed. The profiles of the ‘FASD with 2 or 3 sentinel facial features’ group (n = 41; 28 male, 13 female) were compared with the ‘FASD with 0 or 1 sentinel facial features’ group (n = 109; 50 male, 59 female) using Chi² tests, independent sample t-tests, and Mann-Whitney U analyses (where appropriate). (3) There were no significant differences between the two comparison groups across any measure included in this service evaluation. (4) Whilst sentinel facial features remain an important aspect in recognising FASD, our service evaluation indicates that there is no significant relationship between the number of sentinel facial features and the neuropsychological profile of people with FASD in terms of severity of presentation.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health

Reference28 articles.

1. Harding, K., Flannigan, K., and McFarlane, A. (2022, November 22). Policy Action Paper: Toward a Standard Definition of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Canada Background; CANFASD: Canada 2019. Available online: https://canfasd.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Toward-a-Standard-Definition-of-FASD-Final.pdf.

2. Screening Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a Region of the United Kingdom: A Population-Based Birth-Cohort Study;McQuire;Prev. Med.,2019

3. Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Greater Manchester, UK: An Active Case Ascertainment Study;McCarthy;Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.,2021

4. (2019). SIGN 156 Children and Young People Exposed Prenatally to Alcohol a National Clinical Guideline SIGN156, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.

5. Astley, S.J. (2004). Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders the 4-Digit Diagnostic Code, University of Washington Publication Services.

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