Fetal and Infant Effects of Maternal Opioid Use during Pregnancy: A Literature Review including Clinical, Toxicological, Pharmacogenomic, and Epigenetic Aspects for Forensic Evaluation-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Fetal and Infant Effects of Maternal Opioid Use during Pregnancy: A Literature Review including Clinical, Toxicological, Pharmacogenomic, and Epigenetic Aspects for Forensic Evaluation

Published:2024-02-23 Issue:3 Volume:11 Page:278
ISSN:2227-9067
Container-title:Children
language:en
Short-container-title:Children

Author:

Giovannini Elena¹,Bonasoni Maria Paola¹²,Pascali Jennifer Paola¹,Bini Carla¹,Pelletti Guido¹^ORCID,Gualandi Alberto³,Dal Lago Giovanni¹,Mercati Andrea¹,Mariotti Beatrice¹,Pasini Giulia Paola¹,Poll Iarina Alexandra¹,Fais Paolo¹^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy

2. Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy

3. Institute of Pathology, DAME, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy

Abstract

The two primary classes of opioid substances are morphine and its synthetic derivative, heroin. Opioids can cross the placental barrier, reaching fetal circulation. Therefore, at any gestational age, the fetus is highly exposed to pharmacologically active opioid metabolites and their associated adverse effects. This review aimed to investigate all the studies reported in a timeframe of forty years about prenatal and postnatal outcomes of opioid exposition during pregnancy. Clinical and toxicological aspects, as well as pharmacogenetic and epigenetic research focusing on fetal and infant effects of opioid use during pregnancy together with their medico-legal implications are exposed and discussed.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Link

https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/3/278/pdf

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