A Longitudinal Investigation on the Effects of Sodium and Potassium Intake on the Development of Hypertension and Abdominal Obesity from Childhood to Young Adulthood amongst Ellisras Rural Population, South Africa

Abstract

Background: Hypertension (HT) and obesity have both been on the rise in children. Each is associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease risk, and both track into adulthood. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the association of sodium intake (Na), potassium (K) intake, and sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio with the development of HT and abdominal obesity amongst the Ellisras rural population over time. Methods: In this longitudinal study, data on dietary intake of Na and K were collected using a 24 h recall questionnaire from a total of 325 participants tracked from 1999 (5–12 years), 2001 (7–14 years), and 2015 (18–30 years). The averages of Na and K intake were analysed using local food tables and the South African Food Composition Database System (SAFOODS). In addition, blood pressure (BP) and anthropometric measurements (waist circumference (WC) and height) were also examined. Parametric (independent t-test) and Chi-square/Fishers exact tests were conducted to determine the difference between the years for numerical data and categorical variables. A generalised estimating equation (GEE) was used to assess the association of Na intake, K intake and their ratio on BP, WC, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Results: Our results indicate a significant positive association between K intake and WHtR, and even though the model was adjusted for age and sex, there was still an association with WHtR. The Na/K ratio was associated with both BP measurements and abdominal obesity, respectively. Furthermore, Na/K was shown to be associated with an increased risk of developing HT and abdominal obesity. Conclusions: In our study, we observed that an increase in the Na/K ratio is a predictor of HT and abdominal obesity over time compared to Na and K alone. However, more studies are required to further prove this.