Intrinsic Kidney Pathology in Children and Adolescents Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Global COVID-19 vaccination programs for children and adolescents have been developed with international clinical trial data confirming COVID-19 mRNA vaccine safety and efficacy for the pediatric population. The impact of COVID-19 vaccination in the kidneys is thought to be explained by a complex immune-mediated relationship between the two, although the pathophysiological mechanisms of how COVID-19 vaccination potentially induces kidney pathology are not presently well known. Whilst intrinsic kidney pathologies following COVID-19 vaccination have been reported in adults, such cases are only being recently reported with greater frequency in children and adolescents. Conforming to the PRISMA checklist, we conducted a systematic review of the current literature to provide an overview on the range of intrinsic kidney pathologies that have been reported following COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents. All English language research articles published on or before 30 June 2022 reporting new-onset or relapsed intrinsic kidney pathology in children or adolescents (≤18 years) following COVID-19 vaccination were selected for qualitative analysis. Out of 18 cases from the 13 published articles selected, there were 10 cases of IgA nephropathy (1 case of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis requiring acute hemodialysis), 5 cases of minimal change disease (MCD), 1 case of concurrent MCD/tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) and 2 cases of TIN. There is no indication currently to avoid vaccination, unless specific circumstances exist, as the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination far outweigh its risks. Concluding the findings from our systematic review based on preliminary evidence, potential adverse effects to the kidney from COVID-19 vaccination affects a small number of children and adolescents among the many who have been vaccinated. There remains good reason at present to support vaccination of children and adolescents with a greater morbidity status, such as those living with preexisting chronic kidney disease. Close observation of all children and adolescents receiving COVID-19 vaccination is recommended, particularly in those with preceding intrinsic kidney pathology to identify risks of relapsed disease.