Applied Compressive Strain Governs Hyaline-like Cartilage versus Fibrocartilage-like ECM Produced within Hydrogel Constructs

Author:

Alizadeh Sardroud Hamed1ORCID,Chen Xiongbiao12ORCID,Eames B. Frank13

Affiliation:

1. Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

3. Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada

Abstract

The goal of cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) is to regenerate new hyaline cartilage in joints and treat osteoarthritis (OA) using cell-impregnated hydrogel constructs. However, the production of an extracellular matrix (ECM) made of fibrocartilage is a potential outcome within hydrogel constructs when in vivo. Unfortunately, this fibrocartilage ECM has inferior biological and mechanical properties when compared to native hyaline cartilage. It was hypothesized that compressive forces stimulate fibrocartilage development by increasing production of collagen type 1 (Col1), an ECM protein found in fibrocartilage. To test the hypothesis, 3-dimensional (3D)-bioprinted hydrogel constructs were fabricated from alginate hydrogel impregnated with ATDC5 cells (a chondrogenic cell line). A bioreactor was used to simulate different in vivo joint movements by varying the magnitude of compressive strains and compare them with a control group that was not loaded. Chondrogenic differentiation of the cells in loaded and unloaded conditions was confirmed by deposition of cartilage specific molecules including glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen type 2 (Col2). By performing biochemical assays, the production of GAGs and total collagen was also confirmed, and their contents were quantitated in unloaded and loaded conditions. Furthermore, Col1 vs. Col2 depositions were assessed at different compressive strains, and hyaline-like cartilage vs. fibrocartilage-like ECM production was analyzed to investigate how applied compressive strain affects the type of cartilage formed. These assessments showed that fibrocartilage-like ECM production tended to reduce with increasing compressive strain, though its production peaked at a higher compressive strain. According to these results, the magnitude of applied compressive strain governs the production of hyaline-like cartilage vs. fibrocartilage-like ECM and a high compressive strain stimulates fibrocartilage-like ECM formation rather than hyaline cartilage, which needs to be addressed by CTE approaches.

Funder

University of Saskatchewan

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Inorganic Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Computer Science Applications,Spectroscopy,Molecular Biology,General Medicine,Catalysis

Reference66 articles.

1. Lee, H.-S., and Salter, D.M. (2015). Osteoarthritis—Progress in Basic Research and Treatment, IntechOpen Limited.

2. Cartilage tissue engineering approaches need to assess fibrocartilage when hydrogel constructs are mechanically loaded;Sardroud;Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.,2021

3. Cartilage tissue remodeling in response to mechanical forces;Grodzinsky;Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.,2000

4. Biophysical stimuli: A review of electrical and mechanical stimulation in hyaline cartilage;Guevara;Cartilage,2019

5. Analysis of radial variations in material properties and matrix composition of chondrocyte-seeded agarose hydrogel constructs;Kelly;Osteoarthr. Cartil.,2009

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