Third-Generation Vaccines: Features of Nucleic Acid Vaccines and Strategies to Improve Their Efficiency

Author:

Melo Alanne Rayssa da SilvaORCID,de Macêdo Larissa SilvaORCID,Invenção Maria da Conceição VianaORCID,de Moura Ingrid AndrêssaORCID,da Gama Marco Antonio Turiah Machado,de Melo Cristiane Moutinho Lagos,Silva Anna Jéssica DuarteORCID,Batista Marcus Vinicius de Aragão,Freitas Antonio Carlos deORCID

Abstract

Gene immunization comprises mRNA and DNA vaccines, which stand out due to their simple design, maintenance, and high efficacy. Several studies indicate promising results in preclinical and clinical trials regarding immunization against ebola, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and human papillomavirus (HPV). The efficiency of nucleic acid vaccines has been highlighted in the fight against COVID-19 with unprecedented approval of their use in humans. However, their low intrinsic immunogenicity points to the need to use strategies capable of overcoming this characteristic and increasing the efficiency of vaccine campaigns. These strategies include the improvement of the epitopes’ presentation to the system via MHC, the evaluation of immunodominant epitopes with high coverage against emerging viral subtypes, the use of adjuvants that enhance immunogenicity, and the increase in the efficiency of vaccine transfection. In this review, we provide updates regarding some characteristics, construction, and improvement of such vaccines, especially about the production of synthetic multi-epitope genes, widely employed in the current gene-based vaccines.

Funder

Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco

Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

National Council for Scientific and Technological Development

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Genetics (clinical),Genetics

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