Cobalt Doping Effects in Zinc Oxide: A Combined Experimental and Ab Initio Approach

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the solubility effects of Co in ZnO (Zn1−xCoxO, where x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.4, 0.8, and 1) by combining the results of perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy using highly diluted 111Cd as probe nuclei and ab initio calculations based on spin-density functional theory (SDFT). This combined approach enables us to characterize the local structure around Cd ions, where, through PAC technique, it was possible to measure the EFG as a function of temperature and Co concentration and thereby monitor the changes in the structure and the Co solubility threshold in ZnO and the ZnO/CoO/Co3O4 mixed phase. The full-potential linear augmented plane wave plus local orbital (APW+lo) formalism were used here to describe the electronic structure of the supercells, including the atomic relaxations. These Ab initio calculations show an interesting behavior of the Cd and Co impurity levels in the band structure of ZnO, which explains the experimental results in terms of the origin of EFG and the evidence of ferromagnetic response.