The Influence of In3+ on the Crystal Growth and Visible Band Photorefraction of Uranium-Doped Lithium Niobate Single Crystals

Author:

Tian Tian1ORCID,Xu Wenjie1,Fang Chenkai1,Chen Yuheng1,Liu Hongde2ORCID,Chu Yaoqing1ORCID,Shen Hui1ORCID,Xu Jiayue1

Affiliation:

1. Institute of Crystal Growth, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China

2. MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China

Abstract

A series of lithium niobate crystals co-doped with uranium and indium was successfully grown by the modified vertical Bridgman method for the first time. With increasing In3+ ion doping concentration, the segregation coefficient of uranium and indium progressively deviated from 1. The structural refinement indicated that uranium ions with high valence preferred to occupy the Nb sites in LN: In, U crystals. LN: In2.0, U0.6 achieved multi-wavelength holographic writing with diffraction efficiency comparable to commercial crystals LN:Fe0.3, demonstrating a response time that was four times shorter than LN:Fe0.3. XPS analysis was employed to investigate the valence states of In3+ ions in LN: In2.0, U0.6, in which uranium ions presented three valences of +4, +5 and +6. Furthermore, the ‘real threshold concentration’ of In3+ ions in LN: In, U was calculated using the Li-vacancy model, which is consistent with the results obtained from the experimental study of the OH− absorption spectrum. Discussions on the photorefractive centers in LN: In, U are also provided. This study not only demonstrates the impact of doping In3+ ions on the growth of LN:U crystals, but also offers new insights into the photorefractive properties of LN in the visible band.

Funder

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai

Publisher

MDPI AG

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