Crustal Deformation Prior to the 2017 Jiuzhaigou, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau (China), Ms 7.0 Earthquake Derived from GPS Observations

Abstract

The 2017 Jiuzhaigou Ms 7.0 earthquake occurred on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, with no noticeable rupture surface recognized. We characterized the pre-seismic deformation of the earthquake from GPS (Global Positioning System) data at eight continuous and 73 campaign sites acquired over the 2009–2017 period. With respect to the Eurasian plate, the velocity field showed a noticeable decrease, from west of the epicenter of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake to the western edge of the Longmenshan fault, in the southeast direction. The total northwest west–southeast east shortening rate in the vicinity of the epicentral area was in the range of 1.5 mm/y to 3.1 mm/y. With a GPS velocity transect across the Huya fault (HYF), where the epicenter was located, we estimated the activity of the HYF, showing a dominant left-lateral slip rate of 3.3 ± 0.2 mm/y. We calculated strain rates using a spherical wavelet-based multiscale approach that solved for the surface GPS velocity according to multiscale wavelet basis functions while accounting for spatially variable spacing of observations. Multiscale components of the two-dimensional strain rate tensor showed a complex crustal deformation pattern. Our estimates of strain rate components at the scale of seven and eight revealed extensional strain rate on the northern extension of the HYF. The Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred at the buffer zone between extensional and compressional deformation, and with significant maximum shear rates being 100–140 nanostrain/y. In addition, a maximum shear strain rate of 60–120 nanostrain/y appeared around the epicenter of the 2013 Ms 6.6 Minxian–Zhangxian earthquake. These findings imply that inherent multiscale strain rates could be separated to identify strain accumulation related to medium- and large-sized earthquakes.