The Synergistic Effect of Proanthocyanidin and HDAC Inhibitor Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Promote Apoptosis

Abstract

Histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) is a drug mainly used to treat hematological tumors and breast cancer, but its inhibitory effect on breast cancer falls short of expectations. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) with abundant proanthocyanidins (PAs) has been explored for its inhibition of HDAC activity in vitro and in vivo. To enhance HDACi’s effectiveness, we investigated the potential of PA to synergistically enhance HDACi chidamide (Chi), and determined the underlying mechanism. We evaluated the half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PA and Chi using the cell counting kit 8 (CCK8), and analyzed drugs’ synergistic effect with fixed-ratio combination using the software Compusyn. Breast cancer cell’s phenotypes, including short-term and long-term proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, were assessed via CCK8, clone-formation assay, wound-healing test, Transwell Matrigel invasion assay, and flow-cytometry. Protein–protein interaction analysis (PPI) and KEGG pathway analysis were used to determine the underlying mechanism of synergy. PA + Chi synergistically inhibited cell growth in T47D and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Short-term and long-term proliferation were significantly inhibited, while cell apoptosis was promoted. Ten signaling pathways were identified to account for the synergistic effect after RNA sequencing. Their synergism may be closely related to the steroid biosynthesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction pathways. PA + Chi can synergistically inhibit breast cancer cell growth and proliferation, and promote apoptosis. These effects may be related to steroid biosynthesis or the ECM receptor pathway.