Riboflavin Intake Inversely Associated with Cardiovascular-Disease Mortality and Interacting with Folate Intake: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2016

Abstract

The association between intakes of riboflavin and mortality has not been examined intensively in general populations. In this study, 10,480 adults in the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were followed-up until 2019 for their vital status. Riboflavin and folate were assessed by two-day 24 h recall. The date and cause of death were obtained from the US Mortality Registry. The risks of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality were investigated using a Cox regression analysis. During a mean of 8.5 years follow-up, there were 1214 deaths registered (including 373 deaths from CVD and 302 from cancer). Compared to low level (quartile 1, Q1) of riboflavin intake, the hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for high level (quartile 4, Q4) were 0.53 (0.31–0.90) for CVD mortality and 0.62 (0.48–0.81) for all-cause mortality. The inverse association between riboflavin intake and CVD mortality was only significant among those with a high intake of folate (p for interaction 0.045). Those with a high folate intake (Q4) and low intake of riboflavin (Q1) had the highest risk of CVD mortality (HR 4.38, 95% CI 1.79–10.72), as compared with a high intake of both riboflavin and folate. In conclusion, riboflavin intake was inversely associated with all-cause mortality and CVD mortality, and the association was modified by folate intake.