Continuous-Time Programming of Floating-Gate Transistors for Nonvolatile Analog Memory Arrays

Abstract

Floating-gate (FG) transistors are a primary means of providing nonvolatile digital memory in standard CMOS processes, but they are also key enablers for large-scale programmable analog systems, as well. Such programmable analog systems are often designed for battery-powered and resource-constrained applications, which require the memory cells to program quickly and with low infrastructural overhead. To meet these needs, we present a four-transistor analog floating-gate memory cell that offers both voltage and current outputs and has linear programming characteristics. Furthermore, we present a simple programming circuit that forces the memory cell to converge to targets with 13.0 bit resolution. Finally, we demonstrate how to use the FG memory cell and the programmer circuit in array configurations. We show how to program an array in either a serial or parallel fashion and demonstrate the effectiveness of the array programming with an application of a bandpass filter array.