Complex Dynamics in a Minimal Model of Protection-Based Mutualism

Abstract

This paper presents the first five variable model of mutualism motivated by the interaction between ants and homopterans. In this mutualism, homopterans benefit both directly through increased feeding rates and indirectly through predator protection. Results of our analyses show oscillatory, complex, and chaotic dynamic behavior. In addition, we show that intraspecies interactions are crucial for closing trophic levels and stabilizing the dynamic system from potential “chaotic” behavior.