High Levels of Tetrodotoxin in the Flesh, Usually an Edible Part of the Pufferfish Takifugu flavipterus, Caused by Migration from the Skin and the Regional Characteristics of Toxin Accumulation

Abstract

The consumption of a pufferfish, Takifugu flavipterus or komonfugu in Japanese, formerly known as Takifugu poecilonotus, is popular in Japan. However, T. flavipterus is frequently involved in cases of tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning in Japan. Although victims have usually consumed inedible parts, some cases are related to consumption of flesh. To improve the risk management of pufferfish poisoning, we studied TTX level in the flesh and skin of T. flavipterus. Ninety-seven specimens obtained from the Seto Inland Sea and landed in Fukuoka Prefecture were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The flesh from six specimens was toxic (>10 MU/g = 2.2 mg/kg): one was in poor condition (not freeze–thawed); three were freeze–thawed before sample preparation; and two freshly prepared and in good condition (not freeze–thawed). The fillets were divided into outer and inner portions; the TTX levels in the outer portions were notably higher. The skin of the six specimens was moderately to extremely toxic: 165 MU/g (36.3 mg/kg) in the fresh specimen not in good condition, 600–950 MU/g (132–200 mg/kg) in freeze–thawed specimens, and 4500 and 6000 MU/g (990 and 1320 mg/kg) in the two fresh specimens. We concluded that TTX in the flesh migrated from the highly toxic skin. In addition, TTX levels in the skin appeared to be regionally specific. We recommend that toxic portions of T. flavipterus are removed as soon as possible after individuals are caught, and that fish from known highly toxic areas are not consumed.