Air Quality Index (AQI) Did Not Improve during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Shanghai, China, in 2022, Based on Ground and TROPOMI Observations

Abstract

The lockdowns from the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) have led to a reduction in anthropogenic activities and have hence reduced primary air pollutant emissions, which were reported to have helped air quality improvements. However, air quality expressed by the air quality index (AQI) did not improve in Shanghai, China, during the COVID-19 outbreak in the spring of 2022. To better understand the reason, we investigated the variations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), PM2.5 (particular matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm), and PM10 (particular matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm) by using in situ and satellite measurements from 1 March to 31 June 2022 (pre-, full-, partial-, and post-lockdown periods). The results show that the benefit of the significantly decreased ground-level PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 was offset by amplified O3 pollution, therefore leading to the increased AQI. According to the backward trajectory analyses and multiple linear regression (MLR) model, the anthropogenic emissions dominated the observed changes in air pollutants during the full-lockdown period relative to previous years (2019–2021), whereas the long-range transport and local meteorological parameters (temperature, air pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, and precipitation) influenced little. We further identified the chemical mechanism that caused the increase in O3 concentration. The amplified O3 pollution during the full-lockdown period was caused by the reduction in anthropogenic nitrogen oxides (NOx) under a VOC-limited regime and high background O3 concentrations owing to seasonal variations. In addition, we found that in the downtown area, ground-level PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 more sensitively responded to the changes in lockdown measures than they did in the suburbs. These findings provide new insights into the impact of emission control restrictions on air quality and have implications for air pollution control in the future.