Assessment of Estimated Phycocyanin and Chlorophyll-a Concentration from PRISMA and OLCI in Brazilian Inland Waters: A Comparison between Semi-Analytical and Machine Learning Algorithms

Abstract

The aim of this work is to test the state-of-the-art of water constituent retrieval algorithms for phycocyanin (PC) and chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations in Brazilian reservoirs from hyperspectral PRISMA images and concurrent in situ data. One near-coincident Sentinel-3 OLCI dataset has also been considered for PC mapping as its high revisit time is a relevant element for mapping cyanobacterial blooms. The testing was first performed on remote sensing reflectance (Rrs), as derived by applying two atmospheric correction methods (6SV, ACOLITE) to Level 1 data and as provided in the corresponding Level 2 products (PRISMA L2C and OLCI L2-WFR). Since PRISMA images were affected by sun glint, the testing of three de-glint models was also performed. The applicability of Semi-Analytical (SA) and Mixture Density Network (MDN) algorithms in enabling PC and chl-a concentration retrieval was then tested over three PRISMA scenes; in the case of PC concentration estimation, a Random Forest (RF) algorithm was further applied. Regarding OLCI, the SA algorithm was tested for PC estimation; notably, only SA was calibrated with site-specific data from the reservoir. The algorithms were applied to the Rrs spectra provided by PRISMA L2C products—and those derived with ACOLITE, in the case of OLCI—as these data showed better agreement with in situ measurements. The SA model provided low median absolute error (MdAE) for PRISMA-derived (MdAE = 3.06 mg.m−3) and OLCI-derived (MdAE = 3.93 mg.m−3) PC concentrations, while it overestimated PRISMA-derived chl-a (MdAE = 42.11 mg.m−3). The RF model for PC applied to PRISMA performed slightly worse than SA (MdAE = 5.21 mg.m−3). The MDN showed a rather different performance, with higher errors for PC (MdAE = 40.94 mg.m−3) and lower error for chl-a (MdAE = 23.21 mg.m−3). The results overall suggest that the model calibrated with site-specific measurements performed better and indicates that SA could be applied to PRISMA and OLCI for remote sensing of PC in Brazilian reservoirs.