Pentacyclic Triterpenes from Olive Leaves Formulated in Microemulsion: Characterization and Role in De Novo Lipogenesis in HepG2 Cells
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Published:2023-07-28
Issue:15
Volume:24
Page:12113
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ISSN:1422-0067
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Container-title:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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language:en
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Short-container-title:IJMS
Author:
Vasarri Marzia12ORCID, Degl’Innocenti Donatella1ORCID, Albonetti Laura2, Bilia Anna Rita2ORCID, Bergonzi Maria Camilla2ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy 2. Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50519 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
Abstract
Olea europaea L. leaves contain a wide variety of pentacyclic triterpenes (TTPs). TTPs exhibit many pharmacological activities, including antihyperlipidemic effects. Metabolic alterations, such as dyslipidemia, are an established risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, the use of TTPs in the adjunctive treatment of HCC has been proposed as a possible method for the management of HCC. However, TTPs are characterized by poor water solubility, permeability, and bioavailability. In this work, a microemulsion (ME) loading a TTP-enriched extract (EXT) was developed, to overcome these limits and obtain a formulation for oral administration. The extract-loaded microemulsion (ME-EXT) was fully characterized, assessing its chemical and physical parameters and release characteristics, and the stability was evaluated for two months of storage at 4 °C and 25 °C. PAMPA (parallel artificial membrane permeability assay) was used to evaluate the influence of the formulation on the intestinal passive permeability of the TTPs across an artificial membrane. Furthermore, human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells were used as a cellular model to evaluate the effect of EXT and ME-EXT on de novo lipogenesis induced by elevated glucose levels. The effect was evaluated by detecting fatty acid synthase expression levels and intracellular lipid accumulation. ME-EXT resulted as homogeneous dispersed-phase droplets, with significantly increased EXT aqueous solubility. Physical and chemical analyses showed the high stability of the formulation over 2 months. The formulation realized a prolonged release of TTPs, and permeation studies demonstrated that the formulation improved their passive permeability. Furthermore, the EXT reduced the lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells by inhibiting de novo lipogenesis, and the ME-EXT formulation enhanced the inhibitory activity of EXT on intracellular lipid accumulation.
Funder
Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking under the European Union’s Horizon 2020
Subject
Inorganic Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Computer Science Applications,Spectroscopy,Molecular Biology,General Medicine,Catalysis
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