Petrosamine Revisited. Experimental and Computational Investigation of Solvatochromism, Tautomerism and Free Energy Landscapes of a Pyridoacridinium Quaternary Salt

Abstract

Petrosamine (1)—a colored pyridoacridine alkaloid from the Belizean sponge, Petrosia sp., that is also a potent inhibitor of acetylcholine esterase (AChE)—was investigated by spectroscopic and computational methods. Analysis of the petrosamine-free energy landscapes, pKa and tautomerism, revealed an accurate electronic depiction of the molecular structure of 1 as the di-keto form, with a net charge of q = +1, rather than a dication (q = +2) under ambient conditions of isolation-purification. The pronounced solvatochromism (UV-vis) reported for 1, and related analogs were investigated in detail and is best explained by charge delocalization and stabilization of the ground state (HOMO) of 1 rather than an equilibrium of competing tautomers. Refinement of the molecular structure 1 by QM methods complements published computational docking studies to define the contact points in the enzyme active site that may improve the design of new AChE inhibitors based on the pyridoacridine alkaloid molecular skeleton.