Detrimental Effects of Induced Soil Compaction on Morphological Adaptation and Physiological Plasticity of Selected Multipurpose Tree Species

Author:

Asif Muhammad1,Nawaz Muhammad Farrakh12,Ahmad Irfan1,Rashid Muhammad Haroon U.1ORCID,Farooq Taimoor Hassan3ORCID,Kashif Muhammad4ORCID,Gul Sadaf5,Li Qian36

Affiliation:

1. Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan

2. Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan

3. Bangor College China, A Joint Unit of Bangor University and Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China

4. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan

5. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan

6. College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China

Abstract

Soil compaction has become a global problem affecting soil worldwide. With an increased population, more demands for food and wood have resulted in intensive cultivation and increased mechanization of our farmlands and irrigated plantations. The use of heavy machinery results in soil compaction, which affects the entire soil ecosystem. This study was conducted to analyze the impact of compacted soil on germination and initial growth stages of four major agro-forest trees of central Punjab, Pakistan. Morpho-physiological traits of all selected species (Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Albizia lebbeck, Vachellia nilotica, and Zyziphus mauritiana) were measured against soil compaction. Results indicated that the root and shoot length, biomass, root–shoot ratio, diameter at root collar, no. of leaves and branches, leaf area, germination, and survival %, and physiological traits (i.e., photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, and photosynthetic water use efficiency) were significantly affected by the induced soil compaction. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. performed better and exhibited 96% germination percentage under (1.40 mg m−3) compaction level and gradually decreased by 11% with the increase of compaction level (1.80 mg m−3). It shows that the shorter roots developed due to soil compaction decreased water use efficiency, photosynthesis, and whole-plant physiological performance. The findings concluded that judicious use of machinery is highly desired for sustainable and good-quality wood production from farm trees.

Funder

Science and Technology Innovation Project of Hunan Provincial Forestry and Grassland Bureau

Silviculture Theories and Technology Teaching Project of Central South University of Forestry and Technology

Talents Acquisition Project of Central South University of Forestry and Technology

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Plant Science,Ecology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

Reference55 articles.

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3. The IPBES Conceptual Framework—Connecting nature and people;Demissew;Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.,2015

4. Drivers of irrigated olive grove expansion in Mediterranean landscapes and associated biodiversity impacts;Morgado;Landsc. Urban Plan.,2022

5. Towards a socioeconomic profile for areas vulnerable to soil compaction? A case study in a Mediterranean country;Ferrara;Geoderma,2015

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