Influence of Industrial Wastewater Irrigation on Heavy Metal Content in Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): Ecological and Health Risk Assessment

Author:

Ugulu Ilker1ORCID,Khan Zafar Iqbal2,Alrefaei Abdulwahed Fahad3ORCID,Bibi Shehnaz2,Ahmad Kafeel2,Memona Hafsa4,Mahpara Shahzadi5,Mehmood Naunain67,Almutairi Mikhlid Hammad3ORCID,Batool Aima Iram6,Ashfaq Asma2,Noorka Ijaz Rasool8

Affiliation:

1. Faculty of Education, Usak University, Usak 64000, Turkey

2. Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan

3. Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

4. Department of Zoology, Queen Mary College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan

5. Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan

6. Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan

7. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy

8. Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan

Abstract

The primary objective of this study was to determine the heavy metal contents in the water–soil–coriander samples in an industrial wastewater irrigated area and to assess the health risks of these metals to consumers. Sampling was done from areas adjoining the Chistian sugar mill district Sargodha and two separate sites irrigated with groundwater (Site 1), and sugar mill effluents (Site 2) were checked for possible metal contamination. The water–soil–coriander continuum was tested for the presence of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). The mean concentrations of all metals were higher than the permissible limits for all studied metals except for Mn in the sugar mill wastewater, with Fe (8.861 mg/L) and Zn (9.761 mg/L) exhibiting the highest values. The mean levels of Fe (4.023 mg/kg), Cd (2.101 mg/kg), Cr (2.135 mg/kg), Cu (2.180 mg/kg), and Ni (1.523 mg/kg) were high in the soil at Site 2 in comparison to the groundwater irrigated site where Fe (3.232 mg/kg) and Cd (1.845 mg/kg) manifested high elemental levels. For coriander specimens, only Cd had a higher mean level in both the groundwater (1.245 mg/kg) and the sugar mill wastewater (1.245 mg/kg) irrigated sites. An estimation of the pollution indices yielded a high risk from Cd (health risk index (HRI): 173.2), Zn (HRI: 7.012), Mn (HRI: 6.276), Fe (HRI: 1.709), Cu (HRI: 1.282), and Ni (HRI: 1.009), as all values are above 1.0 indicating a hazard to human health from consuming coriander irrigated with wastewater. Regular monitoring of vegetables irrigated with wastewater is strongly advised to reduce health hazards to people.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Plant Science,Ecology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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