Gintonin Isolated from Ginseng Inhibits the Epithelial—Mesenchymal Transition Induced by TGF-β in A549 Lung Cancer Cells

Abstract

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EM transition) is a process wherein epithelial cells lose their intrinsic characteristics and cell–cell junctions and differentiate into a mesenchymal phenotype. EM transition is an important feature of cancer invasion and metastasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of gintonin (GT), an ingredient of ginseng, on EM transition using A549 cells. The proliferation of A549 cells was enhanced following treatment with 50, 75, and 100 μg/mL of GT. GT affected EM transition-induced gene and protein expression, specifically that of vimentin (Vim), N-cadherin (N-cad), zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1, and Twist in A549 cells. Furthermore, the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 was suppressed by GT treatment. Immunofluorescence staining also showed that GT treatment decreased the TGF-β1-induced expression of Vim and N-cad in A549 cells. Therefore, GT may be used to suppress cancer cell metastasis via maintenance of the cell–cell junction’s integrity. However, further studies are required to pave the way for its translation into clinical application in cancer therapeutics.