African Mountain Thistles: Three New Genera in the Carduus-Cirsium Group

Author:

Moreyra Lucía D.1,Garcia-Jacas Núria1ORCID,Roquet Cristina2,Ackerfield Jennifer R.3,Arabacı Turan4,Blanco-Gavaldà Carme2,Brochmann Christian5ORCID,Calleja Juan Antonio67ORCID,Dirmenci Tuncay8,Fujikawa Kazumi9,Galbany-Casals Mercè2,Gao Tiangang10,Gizaw Abel511ORCID,López-Alvarado Javier2ORCID,Mehregan Iraj12ORCID,Vilatersana Roser1ORCID,Yıldız Bayram13,Leliaert Frederik14ORCID,Seregin Alexey P.15ORCID,Susanna Alfonso1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona, Pg. Migdia, s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Spain

2. Systematics and Evolution of Vascular Plants (UAB)—Associated Unit to CSIC by IBB, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

3. Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA

4. Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Inönü University, 44280 Malatya, Türkiye

5. Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway

6. Department of Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain

7. Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain

8. Department of Biology, Faculty of Necatibey Education, Balıkesir University, 10145 Balıkesir, Türkiye

9. Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, 4200-6, Godaisan, Kochi 781-8125, Japan

10. State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China

11. Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 3434, Ethiopia

12. Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran

13. Ismail Cem Street, No. 35, Yenikale District, 35320 Narlidere Türkiye

14. Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium

15. Faculty of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia

Abstract

The floras on the highest mountains in tropical eastern Africa are among the most unique floras in the world. Despite the exceptionally high concentration of endemic species, these floras remain understudied from an evolutionary point of view. In this study, we focus on the Carduus-Cirsium group (subtribe Carduinae) to unravel the evolutionary relationships of the species endemic to the tropical Afromontane and Afroalpine floras, aiming to improve the systematics of the group. We applied the Hyb-Seq approach using the Compositae1061 probe set on 190 samples (159 species), encompassing representatives of all genera of Carduinae. We used two recently developed pipelines that enabled the processing of raw sequence reads, identification of paralogous sequences and segregation into orthologous alignments. After the implementation of a missing data filter, we retained sequences from 986 nuclear loci and 177 plastid regions. Phylogenomic analyses were conducted using both concatenated and summary-coalescence methods. The resulting phylogenies were highly resolved and revealed three distinct evolutionary lineages consisting of the African species traditionally referred to as Carduus and Cirsium. Consequently, we propose the three new genera Afrocarduus, Afrocirsium and Nuriaea; the latter did notably not belong to the Carduus-Cirsium group. We detected some incongruences between the phylogenies based on concatenation vs. coalescence and on nuclear vs. plastid datasets, likely attributable to incomplete lineage sorting and/or hybridization.

Funder

Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities

Catalan government

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Sino-Africa Joint Research Center

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Plant Science,Ecology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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