Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Routine Immunization Programs in Northern Nigeria
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Published:2023-08-28
Issue:17
Volume:15
Page:12966
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ISSN:2071-1050
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Container-title:Sustainability
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Sustainability
Author:
Aigbogun Eric Osamudiamwen1, Ibrahim Raihanah1, Yusufari Yusuf2, Igbokwe Uchenna1, Okongwu Chimelu1, Abdulkarim Amina1, Tijanni Hussaini3, Modu Maina4, Fagge Rabiu Muhammad5, Aina Muyi1ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Solina Centre for International Development and Research, 8 Libreville Street, Abuja 904101, Nigeria 2. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 45 Aguiyi Ironsi St., Abuja 904101, Nigeria 3. Kano State Primary Healthcare Development Agency, Kano-Zaria Rd, Kano 700282, Nigeria 4. Borno State Emergency Routine Immunization Coordination Centre, No 2 off Damboa Road, Maiduguri 600282, Nigeria 5. McKing Consulting Corporation, 2900 Chamblee Tucker Rd. Building 10, Ste. 100, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine immunization (RI) programs in six northern Nigerian states: Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Kano, Sokoto, and Yobe. This was a cross-sectional analytical study that compared programmatic data from 2019 and 2020, as well as survey data collected during the pandemic. RI program variables included service delivery, leadership and governance, monitoring and evaluation/supportive supervision, community engagement, vaccine supply chains, and health finance and management. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 23, IBM), Student’s t-test, and structural equation modeling. The results showed that RI programs were affected by the pandemic in terms of reduced meetings and low completion rates for action points in certain states. However, routine immunization support services increased owing to improved monitoring techniques and consistent vaccine deliveries, with fewer reports of stockouts. The most significant impact of the pandemic was observed on activities coordinated at the healthcare facility level, whereas those at the state level were less impacted. The major challenges encountered during the pandemic included insufficient supplies and consumables, movement restrictions, shortages of human resources, and fear of infection. In building a more resilient health system, governments and non-state actors will need to invest in strengthening delivery mechanisms at the core implementation level with a focus on facilities and communities.
Funder
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Subject
Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment,Geography, Planning and Development,Building and Construction
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