Advancements and Challenges in Personalized Therapy for BRAF-Mutant Melanoma: A Comprehensive Review
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Published:2024-09-12
Issue:18
Volume:13
Page:5409
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ISSN:2077-0383
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Container-title:Journal of Clinical Medicine
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language:en
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Short-container-title:JCM
Author:
Shebrain Abdulaziz1, Idris Omer A.12ORCID, Jawad Ali1, Zhang Tiantian3, Xing Yan4
Affiliation:
1. Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA 2. Malate Institute for Medical Research, Malate Inc., P.O. Box 23, Grandville, MI 49468, USA 3. Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA 4. Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
Abstract
Over the past several decades, advancements in the treatment of BRAF-mutant melanoma have led to the development of BRAF inhibitors, BRAF/MEK inhibitor combinations, anti-PD-1 therapy, and anti-CTLA4 therapy. Although these therapies have shown substantial efficacy in clinical trials, their sustained effectiveness is often challenged by the tumor microenvironment, which is a highly heterogeneous and complex milieu of immunosuppressive cells that affect tumor progression. The era of personalized medicine holds substantial promise for the tailoring of treatments to individual genetic profiles. However, tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion mechanisms contribute to the resistance to immunotherapy. Despite these challenges, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, as exemplified by lifileucel, has demonstrated notable efficacy against BRAF V600-mutant melanoma. Additionally, early response biomarkers, such as COX-2 and MMP2, along with FDG-PET imaging, offer the potential to improve personalized immunotherapy by predicting patient responses and determining the optimal treatment duration. Future efforts should focus on reducing the T-cell harvesting periods and costs associated with TIL therapy to enhance efficiency and accessibility.
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